The study compares the performance of the HARMONY ionospheric demonstrator (MLD-IONO) to other models during high solar activity at three different geographic locations.

The research highlights that established state-of-the-art ionospheric models often deviate from the actual ionospheric condition when compared with real data, as confirmed by GPS observations.

The study also highlights the potential of machine learning-based ionospheric modelling during high ionospheric activity.